In casual American English, "Pollution in the river affects the local fish population" sounds like "puh-LOO-shuhn ihn dhuh RIH-ver uh-FEHKTS dhuh LOH-kuhl FIHSH pah-pyuh-LAY-shuhn". Several things happen here, and the headline one is the Silent T in Clusters: the T inside the consonant cluster drops out. Keep stressed words long, unstressed words short, and link the consonants forward into the vowels.
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What makes this sentence sound American.
In "affects", the "t" is squeezed between other consonants and drops out — the surrounding consonants flow together without it — most natural in flowing, casual speech; in careful or formal speech, the T may be lightly present. This is called the Silent T in Clusters, and it's one of the defining features of casual American English. It comes out as uh-FEHKTS.
What's happening in this sentence.
Small tricks that turn a textbook sentence into how an American actually says it.
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Common pronunciation mistakes in American English.
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Pronouncing the T in a consonant cluster.
In "affects", the "t" is squeezed between other consonants and drops out — the surrounding consonants flow together without it — most natural in flowing, casual speech; in careful or formal speech, the T may be lightly present. /t/ is dropped entirely — the surrounding consonants flow together without the T.
Treating every L the same.
The L in "local" is a dark L — the back of the tongue rises toward the soft palate, adding a small "uh" quality before the L. Dark L adds a small schwa-like "uh" before the L. The back of the tongue lifts toward the soft palate.
Releasing the final consonant with a puff of air.
In "affects", the "" is not released — the articulators get into position but hold without the burst of air. Air stops but there's no release burst — the articulators hold position.
Inserting a vowel before the syllabic consonant.
In "pollution", the short unstressed vowel before "" disappears — the schwa is absorbed and the "" becomes the syllable nucleus on its own. Schwa is absorbed — consonant becomes the syllable nucleus.
Questions people ask about this.
Why is "in" said so quickly in this sentence?
How are the words connected in casual American speech?
Is this how the sentence is taught in textbooks?
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