uh/ʌ/
Relax your lips, jaw, and tongue completely. Drop your jaw slightly and keep the tongue neutral.
How to pronounce included in American English
uhn·KLOO·duhd
Start here
Americans pronounce included as uhn-KLOO-duhd (/ənˈkludəd/). In "included", the "t" between vowels sounds like a quick "d" — the tongue briefly taps the ridge behind the upper teeth. This is called the Flap T, a hallmark of natural-sounding American speech. So instead of uhn·KLOO·tuht, you get uhn·KLOO·duhd. Stress falls on the second syllable — keep everything else short and quick. You'll hear it in sentences like "The evaluation included both written and practical components" or "The bibliography included over one hundred scholarly references" — more examples below.
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Sound by sound
Every sound in "included".
3 syllables, 8 sounds. Tap a syllable to jump to its row, then explore each sound's mouth shape and how it's made.
n/n/
Touch the tip or front edge of your tongue to the roof of your mouth behind your teeth. Air flows through your nose.
k/k/
Raise the back of your tongue to touch the soft palate (velum). Stop the air, then release.
l/l/
Place the tip of your tongue against the alveolar ridge just behind your top front teeth, the same contact point as /t/, /d/, and /n/. The difference is what happens to the air: for /l/, you let it flow continuously around the <em>sides</em> of the tongue (that's why /l/ is called a lateral). Turn your voice on the whole time. Lips stay relaxed, no rounding or flaring. For the Dark L variant at the end of a syllable, also pull the back of the tongue up and back toward the soft palate.
oo/u/
Round your lips into a tight circle. Let your tongue rest in the middle of your mouth, slightly raised.
d/d/
FlapQuickly bounce the front of your tongue against the roof of your mouth. Same as Flap T — a quick tap without stopping airflow.
uh/ʌ/
Relax your lips, jaw, and tongue completely. Drop your jaw slightly and keep the tongue neutral.
d/d/
Touch the tip of your tongue to the roof of your mouth just behind your teeth. Add vocal cord vibration as you release.
In real conversation
Hear "included" in the wild.
Click any sentence to see the full breakdown — every link, every reduction, every flap-T.
"The bibliography included over one hundred scholarly references."
dhuh bih·blee·AH·gruh·fee uhn·KLOO·duhd OH·ver wuhn HUHN·druhd SKAH·ler·lee REH·fruhn·suhz
"The evaluation included both written and practical components."
dhee ih·va·lyoo·AY·shuhn uhn·KLOO·duhd BOHTH RIH·duhn and PRAK·tuh·kuhl kuhm·POH·nuhnts
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Watch out
Common pronunciation mistakes in American English.
The textbook way isn't wrong — it's just not how anyone actually says it.
01
Saying a hard "T" in the middle.
In "included", the "t" between vowels sounds like a quick "d" — the tongue briefly taps the ridge behind the upper teeth. /t/ or /d/ becomes a quick tap [ɾ] — sounds like a soft D. The tongue briefly taps the ridge behind the upper teeth.
uhn-KLOO-tuht→uhn·KLOO·duhd
02
Releasing the final consonant with a puff of air.
In "included", the "d" is not released — the articulators get into position but hold without the burst of air. Air stops but there's no release burst — the articulators hold position.
included→uhn·KLOO·duhd
03
Stressing the wrong syllable.
Stress falls on the second syllable, not the others. Stretch KLOO — keep everything else short and quick.
UHN·kloo·DUHD→uhn·KLOO·duhd
04
Pronouncing the first syllable too fully.
Don't pronounce the first syllable too fully. The unstressed syllable reduces to a schwa — the lazy "uh" sound — in casual speech.
UHN·KLOO·duhd→uhn·KLOO·duhd
Questions
Questions people ask about this.
How is "included" stressed in American English?
Stress falls on the second syllable — say "KLOO" with a longer, fuller vowel and keep every other syllable short and quick. The respell "uhn-KLOO-duhd" marks the stressed syllable in capitals so the rhythm is easy to read at a glance.
Why doesn't the T sound like a T in "included"?
In American English, when /t/ sits between two vowels with the second one unstressed, it turns into a quick D-like flap. So "included" sounds closer to "uhn-KLOO-duhd" than to a crisp-T pronunciation. This is the flap-T rule, one of the most distinctive sounds of casual American speech.
Why does the first syllable in "included" reduce to "uh"?
Unstressed syllables in American English collapse toward a schwa — a lazy, neutral "uh" sound. The full vowel is what textbooks teach, but in actual American speech every unstressed vowel reduces. The respell "uhn-KLOO-duhd" shows the reduced form so you can hear the casual rhythm directly.
Is the American pronunciation of "included" different from British English?
American English uses different vowel shapes, a relaxed retroflex R, and connected-speech tricks like flap-T and glottal-stop T that British Received Pronunciation generally avoids. The respell "uhn-KLOO-duhd" reflects the casual American form; British dictionaries typically print a citation form with crisper consonants and different vowel choices.
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