r/r/
Curl or bunch your tongue without letting the tip touch the roof of your mouth. Brace the sides of your tongue against your upper back teeth, and round your lips slightly.
How to pronounce referendum in American English
reh·fuh·REHN·duhm
Start here
Americans pronounce referendum as reh-fuh-REHN-duhm (/ˌrɛfəˈrɛndəm/). Stress falls on the third syllable — keep everything else short and quick. You'll hear it in sentences like "The referendum was held to determine public support for the treaty".
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Sound by sound
Every sound in "referendum".
4 syllables, 10 sounds. Tap a syllable to jump to its row, then explore each sound's mouth shape and how it's made.
eh/ɛ/
Drop your jaw moderately. Touch the tongue tip behind the bottom front teeth and lift the mid-front part slightly toward the roof.
f/f/
Lift your bottom lip to touch the very bottom of your top front teeth. Blow air through this contact point without voicing.
uh/ʌ/
Relax your lips, jaw, and tongue completely. Drop your jaw slightly and keep the tongue neutral.
r/r/
SyllabicThe schwa before R disappears — R becomes the vowel of the syllable. This is the 'er' sound without a distinct vowel before it.
eh/ɛ/
Drop your jaw moderately. Touch the tongue tip behind the bottom front teeth and lift the mid-front part slightly toward the roof.
n/n/
Touch the tip or front edge of your tongue to the roof of your mouth behind your teeth. Air flows through your nose.
d/d/
Touch the tip of your tongue to the roof of your mouth just behind your teeth. Add vocal cord vibration as you release.
uh/ʌ/
Relax your lips, jaw, and tongue completely. Drop your jaw slightly and keep the tongue neutral.
m/m/
SyllabicThe schwa before M disappears — M becomes the vowel of the syllable. Go straight from the previous consonant to M.
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Watch out
Common pronunciation mistakes in American English.
The textbook way isn't wrong — it's just not how anyone actually says it.
01
Inserting a vowel before the syllabic consonant.
In "referendum", the short unstressed vowel before "m" disappears — the schwa is absorbed and the "m" becomes the syllable nucleus on its own. Schwa is absorbed — consonant becomes the syllable nucleus.
referendum→REH·fuh·REHN·duhm
02
Stressing the wrong syllable.
Stress falls on the third syllable, not the others. Stretch REHN — keep everything else short and quick.
REH·FUH·rehn·DUHM→REH·fuh·REHN·duhm
03
Pronouncing the unstressed syllable too fully.
Don't pronounce the first syllable too fully. The unstressed syllable reduces to a schwa — the lazy "uh" sound — in casual speech.
reh·FUH·REHN·duhm→REH·fuh·REHN·duhm
Questions
Questions people ask about this.
How is "referendum" stressed in American English?
Stress falls on the third syllable — say "REHN" with a longer, fuller vowel and keep every other syllable short and quick. The respell "reh-fuh-REHN-duhm" marks the stressed syllable in capitals so the rhythm is easy to read at a glance.
Why does the second syllable in "referendum" reduce to "uh"?
Unstressed syllables in American English collapse toward a schwa — a lazy, neutral "uh" sound. The full vowel is what textbooks teach, but in actual American speech every unstressed vowel reduces. The respell "reh-fuh-REHN-duhm" shows the reduced form so you can hear the casual rhythm directly.
Is the American pronunciation of "referendum" different from British English?
American English uses different vowel shapes, a relaxed retroflex R, and connected-speech tricks like flap-T and glottal-stop T that British Received Pronunciation generally avoids. The respell "reh-fuh-REHN-duhm" reflects the casual American form; British dictionaries typically print a citation form with crisper consonants and different vowel choices.
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